Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for communication. Today, this process involves the sending of electromagnetic waves with the aid of transmitters. Presently, there are several devices are available to aid the telecommunication process. Basic telecommunication systems usually consists of three main elements: a transmitter, a transition medium, and a receiver. The transmitter takes that information and then turn into a signal. A transmission medium is the one in which the signal is transmitted and the receiver acquires the signal and converts it into useful information.

Communication in the 21st century is far better than it was a couple of years ago. A paradigm shift took place when advances in telecommunication flourished. It has played a key role in bridging people in most parts of the world for almost half a century. The world has become “flat” because of the fact that people in most parts of the world communicate without difficulty. Because of telecommunication improvements like the telephone, people apart are able to communicate. The Internet enabled documents and other important information to be sent and received by another party within minutes. The business sector was one of the major beneficiaries of this communication boom.

Before the advent of devices like the telephone, computers, and the Internet long-distance communication were done with the use of drums and smoke signals. These methods were used by our ancestors about 5000 years ago. The next significant development came when pigeons were used to deliver hand-written messages. Prior to that, the only other method of communication was to deliver messages personally to friends and families located afar. Today, telecommunication is available to a number of people around the world because several devices available to aid the process.

Historians consider the first breakthrough in telecommunications in 1792, when Frenchman Claude Chappe invented a new form of optical telecommunication. It was called the Semaphore. This device enabled individuals to send messages up to a distance of 20 miles. Other popular influences in the field of telecommunication are Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi, and Samuel Morse. The invention of communication equipments like the telegraph, telephone, fax machine, and computer improved the way communication is done today.

The Internet further improved the telecommunication sector that was first dominated by telephones and fax machines. The Internet enhanced the capabilities of the computer. Its influence became more universal, it launched an online vehicle that made communication faster and more worthwhile. It gave birth to several communication additions like search engines and e-mails. It has changed the way of doing business. It enabled business people to communicate despite the long distance. Transactions became more swift and efficient because of e-mails, file-sharing, and Internet faxing.

Internet faxing is a generic term which refers to sending fax messages online. It is a method of using e-mails and certain Internet faxing site. Because e-mails are sent online, Internet faxes are sent faster and more efficient than conventional fax messages. Internet faxing is economical because use of a fax machine is not necessary. It therefore frees consumers of buying additional papers, inks, and toners that are necessary commodities of fax machines. Additionally Internet faxing does not require additional accessories, any additional configuration or another phone line. It does not need another device aside from a computer with Internet connection and an e-mail account.

To avail of this Internet faxing service, all one has to do is visit an Internet faxing site and sign-up. By signing up consumers are allowed to gain access to incoming and outgoing fax messages. These messages are accessible to most parts of the world where there is Internet connection.

The Internet pushed telecommunications to improve drastically, studies say that technology specifically the net directly affects the business industry. Traditional approach to communication is slowly diminishing—snail mail is replaced by e-mail and faxing by Internet faxing. Try Internet faxing and experience a fast and easy way of sending necessary information.

Patents in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Information technology products, such as computers, telecommunications equipment and software, have become a cornerstone of modern life.  The economies of developed and developing countries have benefited greatly from the growth of information technology industries themselves, as well as the enhanced competitiveness most industrial sectors enjoy as a result of adopting information technology.  Critical to the growth of information technology, however, has been intellectual property rights.  Patents, copyrights, designs, trade secrets and trademarks are all used to protect the significant investments that go into information technology products and guarantee future technological developments in this field.

India is well known for its software industry, which has growth exponentially in a short space of time. According to estimates of the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) – the main trade body and chamber of commerce of India’s IT and business process outsourcing industries – the domestic software industry generates annual revenues of around US$60 billion, the bulk of which is exported. The number of ICT-related patents grew steadily from the mid-1990s to 2005, at an average rate of 4.7% a year from 2000. In 2005, more than 50500 international patent applications were filed under the PCT to protect inventions in ICT. The number of ICT-related patents increased more rapidly than the total number of PCT applications: on average, there is a larger proportion of ICT related patents in countries’ patent portfolios. The share of ICT-related patents in total patents taken by countries rose by five percentage points in 2003-05 as compared with the 1995-97 level. This proportion doubled in the BRIICS countries, where 36% of patents filed in 2003-05 were related to ICT. Finland, Singapore, China, the Netherlands, Korea and Japan had a large concentration of ICT related patents compared to all countries, as depicted by the revealed technological advantage index. Over 2003-05, more than 50% of patents taken by China, Finland and Singapore concerned ICT, compared to an average of 35% of total patents.

The United States (35%), Japan (18.6%) and Germany (7.7%) were the leaders in ICT-related patenting under the PCT in 2005. China (4.2%) and Korea (4.6%) were among the top five countries in ICT-related patents. The number of ICT patents has risen strongly in these two countries over the last ten years, with more than 2 000 patents in China and about 2 300 in Korea in 2005. Tokyo is the leading region for ICT-related inventions, contributing to nearly 9 400 ICT patents and 6.8% of all ICT-related patents filed under the PCT. Tokyo is followed by two regions in the United States — San Jose/San Francisco/Oakland in California and New York/Newark/Bridgeport on the east coast. Seoul and the province of Gyeonggi-do in Korea rank fourth, with 4 400 ICT-related patents. The Noord-Brabant region (Netherlands), Ile de France (France) and Oberbayern (Germany) are the top three European regions patenting in ICT. The city of Shenzhen in Guangdong province of China made a spectacular entrance into the top 15 ICT related patenting regions in 2003-05, with 52% of the patents taken for ICT related inventions made in China

Patents in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are identified using the International Patent Classification (IPC) system: one or several classification codes are attributed to the patent during the examination process. For emerging technologies, however, a specific category or class might not yet be incorporated into the patent classification system, which makes it difficult to identify the patents related to these technologies ex post. Patents taken in the ICT sector can be split into four fields, based on the following list of IPC codes:

Telecommunications: G01S,G08C,G09C,H01P,H01Q,H01S3/(025,043,063,067,085,0933,0941,103,133,18,19,25),

H1S5,H03B,H03C,H03D, H03H,H03M,H04B,H04J,H04K,H04L,H04M,H04Q.

Consumer electronics: G11B,H03F,H03G,H03J,H04H,H04N,H04R,H04S.

Computers, office machinery:

B07C,B41J,B41K,G02F,G03G,G05F,G06,G07,G09G,G10L,G11C,H03K,H03L.

Other ICT:

G01B,G01C,G01D,G01F,G01G,G01H,G01J,G01K,G01L,G01M,G01N,G01P,G01R,G01V,G01W,G02B6,

G05B,G08G,G09B,H01B11,H01J(11/,13/,15/,17/,19/,21/,23/,25/,27/,29/,31/,33/,40/,41/,43/,45/),H01L.

PATENTS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is the study and use of the unique characteristics of materials at the nanometer scale, between the classical large-molecule level to which traditional physics and chemistry apply and the atomic level in which the bizarre rules of quantum mechanics take effect. A recent study by Bhaven Sampat estimates that more than 3700 nanotechnology patents were issued in the United States between 2001 and 2003. That’s a significant number of patents for a technology that has so far produced few actual products. But, in fact, there are significant reasons to think that Sampat’s numbers understate the pace of nanotechnology patenting.

The number of published patent applications in the United States that include the relevant terms in their

claims has increased dramatically, as the following table demonstrates.

Table 1. Published U.S. Patent Applications in Nanotechnology

Year

Published U.S. Applications

2001

403

2002

1975

2003

2964

2004

3842

Inventive activities in nanotechnology have increased substantially since the end of the 1990s: at 18%, the average annual growth rate in nanotechnology patents filed under the PCT surpasses that of overall PCT applications (12.1%) for the period 1995-2005. Most countries report a significant increase in their shares of nanotechnology in total national patenting in the mid-2000s as compared with the mid-1990s, although nanotechnology patenting remains relatively limited (1.1% of total patents on average). Efforts undertaken in Japan are highlighted by the rise in the number of nanotechnology patents in its portfolio (from 0.1% of all patents in 1995-97 to 1% in 2003-05). Singapore, Ireland, the United States, Japan and Israel have a higher concentration of nanotechnology patents than other countries, with a revealed technological advantage index in nanotechnology ranking from 2.7 (Singapore) to 1.1 (Israel). The European Union, Japan and the United States have contributed to 84% of all nanotechnology patents. The share of nanotechnology patents for inventions made in Japan tripled between 1995 and 2005, reaching 16.7% of all nanotechnology patents in 2005. Korea has also broadly invested in nanotechnology, and is now the fifth-ranked country in nanotechnology-related patenting.

The time for nanotechnology has come and a classic technological revolution is unfolding. According to the National Science Foundation, by 2015 the annual global market for nano-related goods and services will top $1 trillion, making it one of the fastest growing industries in history.

Although the process of converting basic research in nanoscience into viable market products will be long and difficult, governments across the globe are impressed by nanotechnology’s potential and are staking their claims and doling out billions of dollars, euros and yen for research. In 2002, worldwide government funding of research and development in nanotechnology exceeded $2 billion, with the US government alone spending $604 million (it increased to $774 million in 2003). In fact, funding from the US government has surged almost sevenfold in the last six years, starting at $116 million in 1997 to a budgeted $847 for 2004.

Although the US accounts for almost a third of global nanotechnology spending, about 40 countries have set up similar initiatives. In December 2003, the US Congress passed the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) of 2000 into law and recommended appropriating $3.7 billion for the next four years for the creation of the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office along with funding for various federal nanotechnology initiatives and programs.

The European Union has earmarked $1 billion from 2002 to 2006, while Japan has increased funding from $120 million in 1997 to nearly $750 million in 2002. Note that it is impossible to accurately determine the total funding in nanotechnology since these figures do not include private funding. Some additional statistics from Nanotech Report 200322 are summarized below:

Public and private companies will spend close to $3 billion worldwide on nanotechnology R and D in 2003.

The US government has appropriated $2 billion for nanotechnology since 2000, putting it on track to be the largest US government funded science initiative since the Apollo Mission.

Presently, more than 700 companies are involved in nanotechnology.
40,000 US scientists are currently capable of working in nanotechnology.
In the past four years, more than 1,700 small tech jobs have been created from venture capital funding.

$900 million in venture capital funding has gone to nanotechnology startups since 1999, with $386 million invested in 2002.

Nanotechnology patents

To reflect the increasing interest and importance of nanotechnology in patents, the EPO, the JPO and the USPTO have made intensive efforts to improve their respective classification systems and to collect all nanotechnology-related patents within a single class. The EPO defines nanotechnology as follows: the term nanotechnology covers entities with a controlled geometrical size of at least one functional component below 100nm in one or more dimensions susceptible to make physical, chemical or biological effects available which are intrinsic to that size. It covers equipment and methods for controlled analysis, manipulation, processing, fabrication or measurement with a precision below 100nm. In 2003, a nanotechnology working group was created in the EPO to establish a definition and to identify nanotechnology patents through keyword searches, consultation with EPO experts in the field, and peer reviews by external experts. As a result of these endeavours, about 90 000 out of 20 million patents and non-patent literature documents were tagged to class Y01N

PATENTS IN ENVIRONMENT-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

Investment in clean technologies can help achieve a wide range of environmental objectives, from mitigating climate change, to controlling air and water pollution, and enhancing resource efficiency in general. Patents taken in renewable energy technologies or in techniques for controlling automobile emissions contribute to the development of clean technologies. Patenting of inventions related to renewable energy has grown continuously, especially since the mid-1990s. On average, the proportion of PCT filings to protect renewable energy technologies in all patents increased in most countries, especially the European Union and Japan. However, the level of patenting in renewable energy remains low: about 700 international patent applications were filed in 2005. Three generations of renewable energy technologies can be distinguished (International Energy Agency, 2006): first-generation technologies, which have already reached maturity (hydropower, biomass combustion, geothermal energy); second-generation technologies, which are rapidly evolving (solar energy, wind power, etc.); and third-generation technologies, which are currently under development

(e.g. concentrating solar power, ocean energy, improved geothermal systems, etc.).

Patents in Environment-related technology

Based on an intensive review of literature, a set of keywords were identified and used to determine appropriate IPC codes which relate directly to renewable energy in

Wind: F03D(1/*, 3/*, 5/*, 7/*, 9/*, 11/*), B06L8/00, B63H13/00

Solar: F03G6/*, F24J2/*, F25B27/00, F26B3/28, H01L31/042, H02N6/00, E04D13/18, B60L8/00

Geothermal: F24J003/*, F03G4/*, H02N10/00

Ocean: F03B13/(12-24), F03G7/(05, 04), F03B7/00

Biomass: C10L5/(42-44), F02B43/08, C10L1/14, B01J41/16

Waste: C10L5/(46-48), F25B27/02, F02G5/*, F23G4/46, F01K25/14, C10J3/38, F23G7/10, H01M8/06

Conclusions

The World’s most competitive businesses are built on protected innovations and brands. As exclusive rights to ideas and innovations take up a growing share of company value, patent, trademark and design information is the cornerstone of all corporate strategies.

As computer-related crimes become more prevalent, understanding the types of computer-related crimes provides law enforcement an insight for investigative strategies.

The first insight is knowing the types of computer crimes.

Computer as the Target

This computer crime includes theft of intellectual property. The offender accesses the operating program under the guise of the system’s manager. The intruder accesses the contents of computer files in the system through the trap door that permits access to systems should there be a human or technological problem.

Here, the offender uses the computer to obtain information or to damage operating programs while committing the following computer crimes:

* Theft of marketing information, like customer lists, pricing data, or marketing plans
* Blackmail based on information gained from computerized files, like the medical information, personal history, or sexual preference
* Sabotage of intellectual property, marketing, pricing, or personnel data
* Sabotage of operating systems and programs with the intent to impede a business or create chaos in a business operations
* Unlawful access to criminal justice and other government records
* Changing a criminal history, modifying want and warrant information
* Creating a driver’s license, passport, or another document for false identification
* Changing tax records or gaining access to intelligence files
* Techno-vandalism through unauthorized access to damage files or programs
* Techno-trespass violating the owner’s privacy as in criminal trespass

Computer as the Instrumentality of the Crime

Here, the processes of the computer facilitate the crime.

The computer criminal introduces a new code (programming instructions) to manipulate the computer’s analytical processes and for converting legitimate computer processes for the following illegitimate purposes:

* Fraudulent use of automated teller machine (ATM) cards and accounts
* Theft of money from accrual, conversion, or transfer accounts, credit card fraud, fraud from computer transactions like the stock transfers, sales, or billings and telecommunications fraud
* Billing charges to other customers through cellular phones
* Once they capture the computerized billing codes, the computer criminals program these codes into other cellular phones simply by hooking up the phone to a personal computer
* Using software originally developed by programmers in other countries they reprogram the signal chip in the cellular phone
* Share the same through underground computer bulletin board services (BBS)

Computer is incidental to other crimes

In this category of computer crime, the computer is not essential for the crime to occur.

In every following case, the systems merely facilitate the offenses:

* Helping the computer crime to occur faster
* Processing of greater amounts of information
* Making the computer crime more difficult to identify and trace
* Unlawful banking transactions and money laundering
* Supporting unlawful activity via BBSs
* Erasing or denying proper access of organized computer crime records or books, and bookmaking involving drug raids, money laundering seizures, and other arrests in encrypt the data or design
* Allowing computer criminals to destroy the storage media, such as disks, to eliminate evidence of their illegal activities
* Letting child pornographers exchange information through BBSs

These computer crimes require unique data recovery techniques in order to gain access to the evidence.

Computer Crimes Associated With the Prevalence of Computers

The presence of computers, and microcomputers, generates sinister mutations of the traditional crimes like the software piracy/counterfeiting, copyright violation of computer programs, counterfeit equipment, black market computer equipment and programs, and theft of technological equipment.

* Violation of copyright restrictions of commercial software can result in the staggering loss to businesses
* Hackers break into computers with the help of the software illegally written and sold
* Successful computer programs, like the word processing, spreadsheets, and databases are duplicated, packaged, and sold illegally on a large scale
* Just like the pirated audio and video tapes, counterfeit computers and peripherals (items such as modems and hard disks) are also manufactured and sold under the guise of originals

Legal Issues Of Computer Crimes

Some States have enacted laws specifically directed toward computer crimes, while other States rely fundamentally on the common law as it applies to current and emerging technology. The elements of a computer-related offense must be established for successful prosecution.

* The physical act of a computer crime, actus reus, may be demonstrated best by an electronic impulse
* It is difficult to define and track
* A computer crime can occur in 3 milliseconds using a program code that tells the software to erase itself after the computer executes the action eliminating the evidentiary trail
* Causation relates to the self-destruction of computer programs that facilitate computer crimes and an investigator can not show causation if the offender erases the executing instructions
* The electronic data interchange (EDI) and its networks complicate the legal elements by making computer crimes more difficult for law enforcement to specify, document, and materially link the crime to an individual
* The EDI connects parties via computer for contract negotiations, sales, collections, and other business transactions
* The computer becomes the vault, with the EDI serving as the key to its contents
* The ability to access data in the computer must be relatively easy in order to maximize business efficiency
* Security controls must be introduced in order to protect the business’ “crown jewels”
* Maximum security and easy accessibility are not compatible: As the businesses prefer user-friendly equipment, system security usually takes second priority
* The phenomenal growth of computer BBSs, on-line services, and the Internet only serves to compound the problem

As a result, computer-related crimes become easier to perpetrate and more difficult to identify, investigate, and prove.

Special Problems with Computer Crime

Intellectual property consists of concepts, ideas, planning documents, designs, formulas, and other information-based materials intended for products or services that have some commercial value or represent original thoughts or theses. Crimes associated with intellectual property focus primarily on theft when the product has commercial value, as opposed to basic research or research for private use.

Intellectual Property:

* Involves formulas, processes, components, structure, characteristics, and applications of new technologies and covers such areas as fiber optics, computer chip designs and conductivity, and telecommunications equipment, protocols, and technologies
* Associated with the marketing and production of new technologies
* Pricing information, marketing targets, product release dates, and production timetables

Computer Crimes by Malfeasance

The concept of computer crimes by malfeasance means that computer-related behavior stretches the bounds of legality and may be viewed as only technically wrong.

Some of the scenarios of malfeasance computer crimes:

* A parent offers to copy a computer program for a school that cannot afford to buy the software
* An employee secretly maintains a small database in an office computer as part of a sideline business
* An individual uses someone else’s computer account number and password to view the contents of a database
* A customer gives her unlisted telephone number as part of a sales transaction at a store. The store enters the number into a computerized database and later sells the data to a telemarketing firm without the customer’s permission
* A university computer programmer develops a program to schedule classes as part of a job assignment. The programmer then accepts a job with another university and leaves with a copy of the program for use at the new place of employment

These computer crimes illustrate the gray areas of computer abuse, areas that fall increasingly on the shoulders of law enforcement to address and resolve.

International Issues:

Technological knowledge and expertise contribute to the growth of computer crime on an international level.

Businesses can make great use of the

* Unifying measures
* Open communications like the single, European-wide communication protocol
* Strong profit-oriented EU market spanning 12 countries
* Open borders
* Unification of technology standard
* Easier banking
* Monetary transfers between countries

Computer criminals are taking undue advantage of all these issues as:

* Emerging international crime-related issues
* Industrial espionage/competitive intelligence
* Economic/political espionage
* Expansion of international organized crime beyond traditional areas
* Theft of technological hardware

Computer criminals have adapted the advancements of computer technology to further their own illegal activities. Unfortunately, their actions have far out-paced the ability of police to respond effectively. Protocols must be developed for law enforcement to stall the various categories of computer crime. Investigators must know the materials to search and seize the electronic evidence to recover, and the chain of custody to maintain.

1.Introduction:

  

Problems are experienced when introducing computerised systems by libraries in countries remote from the major centres of development and expertise in the field of library computerisation. Main problems identified are those of lack of expertise of librarians and of hardware and software suppliers, a limited market for such systems in these ‘remote’ countries and hence a limited range of appropriate hardware and particularly software available or marketed, a reliance on the products and support of major computer suppliers, and access to relatively limited resources leaving little scope for the adaptation of existing library software to suit local needs or for the development of new systems. Solutions to these problems lie in cooperation and coordination of library computerisation so that maximum benefit can be derived from available resources and expertise, a conscious effort being made to become as self-reliant as available resources will allow, the use of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges.

2.New technology

2.1.Managing electronic content:

Pressure continues to develop for developing academic library products that assist libraries in managing and providing access to electronic content-both in the form of electronic content accessed through subscriptions and that created locally. As libraries expend funds for electronic content at levels approaching or exceeding that for print, many find themselves in urgent need of appropriate automation tools.

Technology is causing important changes in how libraries in general, and undergraduate academic libraries in particular, function. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. Yet very little has been written regarding designing libraries to take into account the impact of changing technologies

 2.2. Technology a mission

Most would agree that the primary function of a library would continue to be to provide organized, inexpensive access to information, no matter what its form. But technological innovation is likely to add a new need to “create on the network a knowledge-management system that enables scholars to navigate through [the] resources in a standard, intuitive, and consistent way.” This will require new expertise and equipment to accomplish.

Thus, if anything, technology is adding to the demands for libraries to accommodate more print and non-print materials than before. In addition, it is adding the need forever more sophisticated telecommunication and computer systems to manage access to on site and external resources. Also, the library staff to help users cope with the new and varied systems must perform increased training and instruction. With regard to the need for physical space to fulfill the library’s revised mission, it becomes unlikely that less will be needed than currently, and most probably more, as described below.

            2.3. E-learning Impact on LIC Services

In the every walk of our day-to-day life we are finding the use of technologies and libraries are not exception for that. The single force that has brought revolutionary changes in functioning of libraries is IT. The introduction and application of these modern means have evaluated and modern day library to a very high pedestal, improving and altering its image, functions and services to revolutionary extant and with great efficiency and effectiveness.

Most of the operations with library are inter-related, inter dependent and mutually supportive for the overall mission of library. Use of IT applications to interface and integrate each function with the other saves lot of staff time as the same data used not to be entered at every stage.

E-learning has brought many changes in Library Activities and Services. There are four broader areas of which E-learning has brought many changes;

 

3. Library Automation

Information Storage and Retrieval (IRS)

 

Office Automation

 

Resources sharing network.

Automation has helped libraries improving library operations and accelerating their working. Now the computers are being used in the areas like of acquisition, technical processing, circulation control and serial control.

The computer acquisition system has eased the burden for reorder checking of duplicate purchase orders and follow-up action can also taken automatically. IT has speed up the accession, processing work by elimination a large amount of repetitive and time – time consuming work Machine-readable cataloguing is easy to manipulate as it can be searched on-line and from which varies of outputs are available. On-line bibliographic databases have significant effect on collection development.

The lengthy and time consumable procedures of conventional circulation system are taken by the technological devices like computers, barcode scanners and its software’s helps in performing these operations quickly and thus saving the time of users and staff. IT helps in charging and discharging of document, reservation of documents, sending reminders, and collection of overdue, maintenance of various records.

3.2. The Spatial Impact of Technology on Library Functions

3.3.Monograph:

As discussed above, monographic collections, especially for undergraduate libraries, are likely to continue to grow steadily. While digitization of some materials may result in some physical space savings, there are more formats that the library needs to collect; most of these require additional space for equipment to access them, not to mention more specialized storage facilities to house them.

3.4.Periodicals:

_Serials in electronic format seem to be one of the best prospects for introducing space savings in academic libraries. Journals in electronic format will no doubt continue to increase, although those in scientific, technical, and medical disciplines are doing so at a more rapid rate Another factor also points in this direction, that being the extra-inflationary increases in pricing by many publishers.

3.5.Processing:

In most “behind the scenes” areas of the library, technology is often causing the need for more rather than less space for equipment to handle incompatible systems. While this may be ameliorated in the future, the immediate space needs for areas like cataloging continue to grow

3.6. Reference: While technology is driving the need for more instructional space, it is impacting positively the need for space for reference materials themselves. A growing number of resources are available in electronic form, and often from resources housed outside the library. As in serials, however, collections more heavily reliant upon information in professional and scientific areas are experiencing space savings more dramatically

3.7.Study Space: A number of authors confirm this one’s experience that technology is increasing the requirements for study space in academic libraries. Not only are more students relying on facilities like libraries on college and university campuses for studying, more space per student is required to accommodate the use of technology (e.g., laptops and workstations).

4. Internet

The Internet plays a crucial role in the access of information resources. “Sources of information and other opportunities available via the Internet are increasing exponentially. This comes with the steady increase in Internet use for education” and research. Also, with the growth of information on the Internet and the development of more sophisticated searching tools, there is now the more likely possibility of finding information and answers to real questions. But, within the morass of networked data are both valuable nuggets and an incredible amount of junk .

When you are looking for information, where is a better place to go than a library? The Internet has some incredible electronic libraries ready for you. On a small screen of the personal computer this digital world of the library is available for users. This library in terms of digital format consists of various electronic resources, such as electronic books, electronic journals, and electronic reports. These resources are available either in CD-ROM format or available online on the Web and constitute the core of the electronic library collection. A new class of digitized documents has been added to the electronic resources category, comprising those documents either originally published in print or other formats converted into the digital format. The entire manuscript collection, over-used printed document, printed material of great archival value, photographic collections, oral history recordings, and other scattered but useful audio-visual collections are now being converted into digital format for preservation purposes.

5. Selection of good web site:

The best sites have the following characteristics:

Accuracy: The page lists the author and institution that published the page and provides a way of contacting them. Authority: The page lists the author’s credentials and his/her domain. For example: “edu” for education, “gov” for government, and “org” for organization. Objectivity: The page provides accurate information objectively and with limited advertising. Currency: The page and its links, if any, are current and updated regularly, as stated on the page. Coverage: The information can be viewed without paying fees or using a special browser technology or software.

6. Technologies for library:

  

    Modern technologies are

  

6.1. Computer technology

   

     Computers are used to generate information computers are information processing machines which can do a variety of jobs very quickly. A computer is a machine that handles data are the facts that are gathered and entered in to the computer. Computer can access and process data millions of times faster than humans can the computer stores, retrieves, sends, receives, analysis and synthesize the data to procduce information. Computer can be used for library operations like acquisition, cataloguing, database creation and maintenance, circulation control, serials. Control information storage retrieval, communication and networking and management works.

 

6.2. Laser technology:

  

     computer links facilitate speedy random retrieval of information. In the long run, the use of the disc may substitute for the use of actual items like books, which deteriorate quickly due to handling.

 

6.3. Micrographic technology

 

     Micrograph means miniaturization of documents. In micrographic documents are highly reduced in size and recorded on microfilm. The micrographic technology has contributed to a considerable saving of space and facility for dissemination of information.

 

6.4. Reprographic technology

 

     Reprography means the reproduction of graphic materials, which may be handwritten, typed or printed. This technology is very useful for libraries and it reduce the pain of the user.

 

5.5. Audio-visual technology

 

    Audio-visual media used for holding seminars, symposia, meetings and cultural functions in libraries. Slides are useful for effective delivery of messages to selected groups of library users.

   

6.6. Telecommunication Technology.

 

   Recreational and educational programmers can be delivered to a longer through this systems.

 

6.7. Internet & its use in library.

  

   Physically the internet is a lot of computers connected to each other talking a common language or protocol known as Transmission Control Protocol / internet Protocol (TCPIP)

Basically, the Internet is used for following activities.

 

6.8. Communication

  

In the modem world of information explosion, the effective and speedy communication of information is very necessary. The Internet provides electronic message and exchange services through electronic mail popularly known as E-mail. E-mail is used to send messages to other people or programmers on other computers. It is the most extensive and commonly used service on Internet.   Anything created on computers like images, photos, sound, programmers can be sending as well as received with email. E-mail is the fastest, most economical and highly is used modes of communication. Users if INFLIBNET,ERNET, NICNET etc may send and read messages, participate in discussion with special internet groups (SIG) through LISTERVERS (mailing List) and USENET (news groups).

 

  

6.9. Document or File Transfer

  

The internet also provides the facility for document or file transfer with the help of file transfer protocol (FTP). FTP is a set of rules that enables files to be transferred from one computer to another on the net using FTP programmer or through Netscape. Software, games, documents, data etc, can be copied from any site using simple commands.

 

6.10 Interactive Browsing.

Telnet allows internet users to log into other internet computers to access on-line database, electronic catalogues, internet information services, or to access their account. Telnet provides access to on-line public access catalogues (OPACs) maintained by hundreds of university libraries all over the world.   

  

6.11. Bulletin Boards

Closely related to electronic mail are bulletin board systems. A bulletin board is a communication system that allows users to call in and either leave or retrieve messages, it is similar to an electronic mail system, but there are no private mail boxes, only a single large mail box. The messages may be directed to all users of the bulletin board or only to particular users. But all massages can be read by all users.

 

6.12. World Wide Web (WWW).

It is a client-server based distributed hypertext multimedia, an information system on the internet. The WWW is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousand of machines all over the internet. Web is basically a client-server system. From the client-server system. From the client’s (users) point of view, the web consists of a vast worldwide collection of documents, usually just called pages for short. Web pages are written in a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). HTML allows user to produce web pages that include text, graphics and pointers to other web pages.

  

7. Web-based Library Services.

  

  . WebOPAC

  . CD ROM to Web-based Indexes and Databases.

  . Electronic Document Delivery Services.

  . CAS&SDI.

  . Improved search interfaces

  . New information services, such as a home page linked to a collection of  electronic text,     databases and other internet resources.

  . Documents may be shared across all major networking platforms.

  . Information is accessible regardless of the user’s location.

  . Fill-in forms used for feedback and services.   

 

8.Changing role of library.

Mostly all the libraries faced pre-automation and post automation problems. Lack of trained staff, Lack of administrative support and technical problems were the faced in the initial stage of automation. To overcome these problems,

1. computer training should be provided and made mandatory for all the library staff. This mode of training programmed will help the staff to practice and assimilate more. At the same time, it will allow them to look after day-to-day work as well. 2. in-servicetraining.at regular intervals, should be provided to keep the staff abreast with the latest technology. 3. vacant post need to be filled up ad new post should be created as per requirement. 4. library staff, one computer trained staff i.e. BE. or MCA should be appointed as information scientist/computer in-charge, to look after automaton work and trouble shoot day-to-day problems of computerization. Also, at least one computer operator should be provided for data entry purpose. 5. it based LIS education at B.L.I.Sc and M.L.I.Sc level is a must. Two major problems faced by the libraries were serious technical problems related to software and hardware encountered during installation and working requiring outside technical help. And lack of staff leading to hindrance in computer training to staff to overcome there problems. 6. emphasis should be on baying standard library management software like LIBSYS,ALICE, and SOUL etc. as they are found to be more satisfactory. Also these software’s allow data entry in standard forms like CCF MARC etc, hence there will be no incompatibility problems at the time of networking and respire sharing. 7. user education should be provided to make the user aware of the library collection as well as the services. User should also be giving training so that he can handle the compute red system independently.

Many demands on the IT staff: for managing the library systems but also for new developments. Often libraries now use open source software (for instance for repositories), which nevertheless calls for devoted IT staff.

While the library is constantly changing, a different kind of managers is needed: they should be able to create and implement change. Financial expertise also becomes more important. Not only because of the different licensing agreements, but also as a consequence of decreasing budgets.
Management information and benchmarking are becoming important issues.

Summarizing one might say that while the library may need less staff in the back office, there is a general need for staff with higher qualifications: user driven, IT-knowledge, knowledge of the university, knowledge of where the library is going. Also stronger managing capacities for managers and department heads are needed. And all this knowledge should be kept up to date.
Last but not least, library staff should be more flexible than in the past. Libraries used to be a stable working environment. Now the only thing one can be sure of, is that the library will keep on changing in the next decades.

Status of rural library automation

For the survey 14college selected to the survey purpose in the khandesh region the result came out is as given in the table.

sr

Automation

Computer knowledge person

Budget

Internet frequency

Sufficient staff

1

X

x

x

x

X

2

X

x

x

x

x

3

X

x

x

x

x

3

Ö

x

x

x

x

4

X

x

Ö

x

Ö

5

X

x

x

x

x

6

X

Ö

x

x

x

7

X

x

x

x

x

8

X

x

x

x

x

9

Ö

x

x

x

x

10

X

x

x

x

x

11

X

x

x

x

x

12

X

x

x

x

x

13

X

x

x

x

x

14

X

x

x

x

x

Only two college started automation work. Only one college having computer knowledge person. Only one college found sufficient budget for the automation. For the internet

connection no college getting 100% speed., and regular frequency. Only one college have sufficient staff in the library it is found that there is a budget problems except only one college

Conclusion :

Theuse of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges. In general, use of new technologies is not fully adopted in the rural college due to the UN sufficient budget, expert of technology and in the rural area is not getting the broadband speed. Now duty of government and local association to give the knowledge through arrange the workshop, seminars and give the knowledge of new technology.

          Selected resources.

Describing Archives: A Content Standard, Society of American Archivists, 2004. Libraries in ditital Environment Problems and Prospects
Digital Library Production Guide, Kentuckiana Digital Library Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://purl.org/DC/
Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Maxine K. Sits, Ed., Northeast Document Conservation Centre, 2000. http://www.nedcc.org/digital/dighome.htm
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives by Anne. R. Kenney and Oya Y. Rieger, Research Libraries Group, 2000.
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial, Cornell University Library Breeding,m (2002), april). The Emergence of the Open Archives Initiative: This Protocol could become a key part of the digital library infrastrictire. Information Today from . Com/cf_0/m3336/4_19/85251474/p1/article.jhtml