So, you’re in the market for a new telephone system or looking to migrate to a larger system? The choices are abundant, but how do you make a decision that is right for you, your business and your budget

Consider the following:

A. The features you like,
B. The features you need,
C. The features you don’t like,
D. Your customer/client expectations,
E. Your Business Communication plan for the future.

The need to communicate effectively and efficiently:

Every business has to communicate with its customers. A small business may only need a line or two from the local Bell Company, whereas, a large business may need a robust system that offers an Auto Attendant/Receptionist, IVR (Interactive Voice Response), a Voice Mail, CDR (Call Detail Records), or even, Call Center Technology.

To find the system that meets your needs will require that you do a bit of research and ask yourself some questions related to your current and future business model.

By answering a few questions your organization will be stirred to a Telecommunications system that meets current needs and encompasses future growth.

How many numbers* do you need? ______
How many Fax Machines will you have? ______
How many modem lines will you need? ______
How many Analog sets will you need? ______
How many Digital sets will you need? ______
Are you planning on having an Operator Console/Position? ______
Do you want Caller ID capabilities?______

* – Numbers could be a 1 to 1 relationship (Analog lines) or a DID (Direct Inward Dial) range with the use of a T1. See T1 information below.

Trunks

Trunks allow your business to communicate to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). The two common Voice Grade Trunks are: Central Office Trunks (Analog telephone numbers) and T1′s (Digital Circuits). Many systems are moving into VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) while maintaing their Legacy System features.

Do you need a T1?

A T1 contains 23 B-Channels and 1 D-Channel. The B-Channels are the dedicated Voice Connections and can be broken up into Incoming and Outgoing trunks/routes, and the D-Channel carries call control and signaling information.

Consider the following criteria:

How many calls are made in a typical business day? _______
What is the average length of the calls being made? _______
Have you every received a busy when attempting to access an outside line? ______
Is receiving a busy acceptable? ______
Is your business expecting considerable growth in the near future? ______
Does your business perform outside transfers and conferences? ______
Are you planning on buying a Toll Free number? _____

Note: A T1 may make sense for your organization – as it allows for DID (Direct Inward Dial) and outgoing routes to be associated to the number of concurrent calls. Thus idle talk paths are offered to system users when they are not in use – maximizing your system resources.

Analog lines perform the same action in a hunt group. A lot of small businesses over expand the hunt groups to prevent busy signals during the busiest time of day – the line is unused most of the day. T1 cost varies – As of 4/24/05, I’ve found a number of T1 Business lines for $359.00 and up.

Example:

If your organization has 20 associates, you would most likely want each associate to have a private number (a DID). Thus, 20 analog lines @ $35.00 to $40.00 per month = $800.00.

In this case a T1 would make sense as it allows the system programmer to route DID calls in and create a separate route for calls out, ensuring maximum efficiency.

On the other hand, if your organization as 8 or fewer employees then it maybe cost effective to keep your analog service dependent upon the features needed.

What features and applications do you want? Hold and Transfer, Conference, Music On Hold, Multi-Line Phones, Associate/Employee controlled call foward, Auto Attendant/receptionist, Voice Mail, CDR (Call Detail Records), Time of Day Announcements, ACD (Automatic Call Distribution), Advanced Call Center Applications,

Hold and Conference – Can be performed by Non-KSU (Centrex), KSU, and PBX Systems.

Music on Hold – Requires a KSU or PBX.

Multi-line phones – on a Non-KSU you are limited to 2 lines. KSU’s and PBX Systems allow for multiple lines. If you would like to view every line – you’ll need to insure that the system and phones allow for Busy Lamp fields or that the phones have enough programmable keys.

Associate/Employee Controlled Call Forwards – Can be performed with Centrex Services, KSU and PBX Systems. This is an important feature as it allows the associate/employee to determine where calls will go when not answered or when he/she is busy.

Auto Attendant/Receptionist – Is usually an additional module or software enhancement to a system. This enhancement when grouped with other systems/applications (Digit collection, Voice Mail, etc.) offers a powerful solution to handling incoming callers. Some KSU’s have this feature, most PBX Systems have this feature.

Voice Mail – Voice Mail allows each associate to create personal greetings, passcodes and manage messages. Ideal for creating and maintaining CRM (Customer Response Management). Can be performed by Centrex lines, KSU and PBX Systems

Call Detail Recording – Your organization may like to collect Call Details (the number dialed, the cost of the call, Date/Time, etc.). You may want to bill back to a client, associate, or department for calls made. Some KSU’s have this feature, most PBX systems have this feature.

Time of Day Announcements – Requires a KSU or PBX.

ACD (Automatic Call Distribution) – Some KSU’s support this feature, most PBX systems support this feature.

Finding your system

When you’ve developed your Business Communication plan – take a look at some of the KSU/PBX systems on the internet or this site and find the one that matches your plan the best.

Now that you have an idea of what features you need and the feature that you like – attempt to match them to the systems in PbxInfo’s · System Comparison. The only side-by-side system comparison on the internet.

Finally, be prepared to ask the following questions when you’ve decided on a system.

• Ask the vendor, “Are you an authorized dealer?”

• Ask if it’s possible to visit the last site the vendor performed an install at. Look for well documented systems, cable labeling, housekeeping and neatness.

• Visit the vendors place of business. Many times a vendor will have a mock-up of the system that you are interested in.

• Ask about service support and maintenance contracts – including how much it costs and whether it is offered over the phone.

• Ask about the possibility of buying a refurbished or used system.

Other areas of interest:

Looking for used equipment – Vist PbxInfo’s Market Place.

Looking for a vendor – Visit PbxInfo’s RFQ Area.

Related article,  Saving Money on Your Long Distance.

Related article, ·Auditing Your Telephone Bill.

Related article, ·Bundled Services.

Related Website:  CS2 Communications

Related Website: Pbx Info

Article by Charles Carter

The Obama administration will spend billions of dollars installing new or upgrading existing wireless broadband services for public schools. These provisions are in stark contrast to Federal Communications Commission regulations, which will seize school WiMAX (2.5 GHz Educational Broadband Services) licenses where school districts do not comply with build out requirements for their licenses.

This paper will make the case for WiMAX as the most effective wireless broadband technology for educational services enabling school districts to keep their 2.5 GHz licenses. In a time of economic downturn in the private sector, industry players would be well advised to “follow the money” into major public sector initiatives related to broadband internet services in education.

Major Points in Publication:

* Educational Broadband Services licenses (2.5 GHz) will be forfeited by school districts and other license holders that do not build out networks by May 01, 2011
* School districts holding those licenses are not protected by subletting to large commercial operators (Sprint, Clear, etc)
* Understanding the education technology market (its not the same as enterprise or mobile)
* Why WiMAX is the best technology for this application
* Why WiMAX is the best complement to a one*to*one computing program
* The “3 A’s: Access, Applications and Affordability” of WiMAX in Education
* Breakthroughs in video over WiMAX: HDTV on 1 Mbps WiMAX
* “The 5% Solution”: one*to*one computing and WiMAX for 5% of a school district’s annual per*student allocation

Target Audience
WiMAX vendors: This will prove to be a very lucrative niche market for those willing to focus on it and adjust their sales and marketing strategy accordingly
Laptop vendors: They will sell many more laptops more quickly if the laptops can be networked to the school intranet or Internet via a low*cost WiMAX network.
Computer chip vendors: 45 million public school students using WiMAX*enabled laptops will sell a lot of chips.
Network devices vendors: WiMAX deployments to schools will sell a lot of routers, servers and other devices.
Carriers: new technologies such as WiMAX may disrupt their traditional business and how to “turn the retreat into a parade”
Educators: How can the instructional yield from one*to*one computing be multiplied using WiMAX?
School administrators: What is WiMAX and why is it so important to instruction?
State/Federal/School finance professionals: provides strategies in paying for multi*million dollar WiMAX deployments

Table of Contents :

WiMAX: The Educational Broadband Services Solution
Introduction: Technology to the Kid via WiMAX
Technology to the kid AND the classroom
One-to-One Computing and Federally-mandated Technology Literacy
The School Intranet: The Value Statement for Networked One-to-One Computing
Converging One-to-One Computing and School Networks
Extending the School Network via Wireless
Technology to the Kid: At school or at home
Market Drivers for the WiMAX-enabled One-to-One Laptop
Government mandates
Private vs. public networks
The 3 A’s of WiMAX-enabled One-to-One Computing
Access
Why WiMAX
Objections to WiMAX
WiMAX is not Wi-Fi
WiMAX Components
Relationship of WiMAX Range and Throughput for School Applications
Base Station and Student Density
Fixed vs. Mobile WiMAX
Why backhaul is important
Wireless Backhaul Considerations
Comparisons with Fiber
Spectrum Considerations
Access Conclusion
Affordability
WiMAX is inexpensive relative to other technologies
What does a one-to-one WiMAX-enabled laptop program cost?
Case Study: School District of Palm Beach County, Florida
Savings on Existing Expenditures
Telecom and Textbooks (or is that “flexbooks”?
Other Instruction-Related Expenses
School assets
Government mandates-can a school district afford to NOT comply?
Conclusion
Applications
Literacy
Numeracy
Writing
Who benefits
Parents
Teachers
Hall Monitors and Deans of Students
Administrators
Technical Applications
Video
Distance Learning via Video Conferencing
HD at 1 Mbps?: HD recording and streaming live anywhere, any time
Architecture
Bandwidth
Standards
Figure 21 Field-testing for WiMAX and HD camera with laptop-sized encoder
Cameras
Audio Factors
Echo Cancellation
The Audio Secret Sauce: Compression Algorithms and “wideband”
Textbooks
Voice
Selling to school districts
Gauging the market
Revenue Potential
Extrapolating by student head count
Estimates based on Cahners Report
Who should do this?
Schools “roll your own”
Carriers
Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs)
WiMAX Service Providers
How to sell to schools
Long sales cycles
Facilitate across departments
Need to compete in RFI/RFQ/RFP processes
Need to partner with other vendors
Establish marketing intelligence database
Aggregate, aggregate, aggregate
Find the money: grants, etc
Get a success story, even if you have to give it away!
Conclusion and Recommendations
Recommendations
Schools and Instructional Institutions
Network Operators and Service Providers
Equipment Suppliers and Systems Integrators

List of Figures
Figure 1 Are networked student laptops inevitable?
Figure 2 Most US schools have computer labs with desktop computers networked to the school’s intranet content and applications
Figure 3 Access to a school computer lab is limited geographically
Figure 4 School connectivity for a majority of schools. For many kids, technology ends at the school house
Figure 5 Campus-wide wireless network access with one-to-one laptop programs extends network access campus-wide
Figure 6 WiMAX extends the school intranet content and applications to the student home 10
Figure 7 A school district-wide WiMAX network connects the student to the school’s intranet content and applications
Figure 8 The 3 elements that comprise a telecommunications network: Access, switching and transport (backhaul)
Figure 9 Wi-Fi serves a coffee shop or home. WiMAX serves a city
Figure 10 WiMAX nomenclature: base station and subscriber station
Figure 11 WiMAX base station and antenna combinations
Figure 12 WiMAX access or subscriber devices
Figure 13 Line of sight offers better range and throughput than non line of sight
Figure 14 Link budget illustrated
Figure 15 On campus WiMAX delivers a throughput of multiple megabits per second
Figure 16 A WiMAX-enabled laptop can enjoy a range of one mile with throughput equal to DSL. WiMAX extends student access to the school’s intranet content and applications to the student’s home
Figure 17 Note populated areas of Palm Beach County, Florida (where the students live) are concentrated on the coast. Compare with figure below for school locations and WiMAX coverage
Figure 18 Placing a WiMAX base station ate each of Palm Beach County Schools 172 schools covers a majority of the populated area of Palm Beach County
Figure 19 Backhaul supports WiMAX base stations, which in turn support student at home internet access 32
Figure 20 Cover Palm Beach County, Florida at a cost of $7 million for 170,000 students = $41 per student in one-time CAPEX or lease for $1/month/student on a 48 month lease or 5% of school district’s per student annual allocation
Figure 21 Field-testing for WiMAX and HD camera with laptop-sized encoder
Figure 22 Satellite imagery of the US at night reveals concentration of population more easily served by WiMAX

List of Tables
Table 1 The progression to “one-to-one” computing
Table 2 Comparison of Wi-Fi and WiMAX for school district use
Table 3 Comparison of Wi-Fi and WiMAX
Table 4 Comparison fixed vs. mobile WiMAX
Table 5 Comparisons of wireless backhaul with other options
Table 6 Comparison of wireless vs. fiber optic cable as backhaul solution
Table 7 School WiMAX-related spectrum
Table 8 Comparisons of the costs for technologies for residential internet access
Table 9 Comparisons for monthly internet/intranet access accounts for public school students plus laptop lease as a percentage of annual allocation per student
Table 10 School district operations savings on telecommunications, textbooks, manpower and insurance for WiMAX network
Table 11 Cost savings related to instruction using WiMAX networks
Table 12 Assets a school district may have that a telephone company would have to buy
Table 13 Federal mandates on education where WiMAX-enabled laptops provide a solution

Click Here for More Information 

1.Introduction:

Problems are experienced when introducing computerised systems by libraries in countries remote from the major centres of development and expertise in the field of library computerisation. Main problems identified are those of lack of expertise of librarians and of hardware and software suppliers, a limited market for such systems in these ‘remote’ countries and hence a limited range of appropriate hardware and particularly software available or marketed, a reliance on the products and support of major computer suppliers, and access to relatively limited resources leaving little scope for the adaptation of existing library software to suit local needs or for the development of new systems. Solutions to these problems lie in cooperation and coordination of library computerisation so that maximum benefit can be derived from available resources and expertise, a conscious effort being made to become as self-reliant as available resources will allow, the use of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges.

2.New technology

2.1.Managing electronic content:

Pressure continues to develop for developing academic library products that assist libraries in managing and providing access to electronic content-both in the form of electronic content accessed through subscriptions and that created locally. As libraries expend funds for electronic content at levels approaching or exceeding that for print, many find themselves in urgent need of appropriate automation tools.

Technology is causing important changes in how libraries in general, and undergraduate academic libraries in particular, function. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. Yet very little has been written regarding designing libraries to take into account the impact of changing technologies

 2.2. Technology a mission

Most would agree that the primary function of a library would continue to be to provide organized, inexpensive access to information, no matter what its form. But technological innovation is likely to add a new need to “create on the network a knowledge-management system that enables scholars to navigate through [the] resources in a standard, intuitive, and consistent way.” This will require new expertise and equipment to accomplish.

Thus, if anything, technology is adding to the demands for libraries to accommodate more print and non-print materials than before. In addition, it is adding the need forever more sophisticated telecommunication and computer systems to manage access to on site and external resources. Also, the library staff to help users cope with the new and varied systems must perform increased training and instruction. With regard to the need for physical space to fulfill the library’s revised mission, it becomes unlikely that less will be needed than currently, and most probably more, as described below.

            2.3. E-learning Impact on LIC Services

In the every walk of our day-to-day life we are finding the use of technologies and libraries are not exception for that. The single force that has brought revolutionary changes in functioning of libraries is IT. The introduction and application of these modern means have evaluated and modern day library to a very high pedestal, improving and altering its image, functions and services to revolutionary extant and with great efficiency and effectiveness.

Most of the operations with library are inter-related, inter dependent and mutually supportive for the overall mission of library. Use of IT applications to interface and integrate each function with the other saves lot of staff time as the same data used not to be entered at every stage.

E-learning has brought many changes in Library Activities and Services. There are four broader areas of which E-learning has brought many changes;

3. Library Automation

Information Storage and Retrieval (IRS)

Office Automation

Resources sharing network.

Automation has helped libraries improving library operations and accelerating their working. Now the computers are being used in the areas like of acquisition, technical processing, circulation control and serial control.

The computer acquisition system has eased the burden for reorder checking of duplicate purchase orders and follow-up action can also taken automatically. IT has speed up the accession, processing work by elimination a large amount of repetitive and time – time consuming work Machine-readable cataloguing is easy to manipulate as it can be searched on-line and from which varies of outputs are available. On-line bibliographic databases have significant effect on collection development.

The lengthy and time consumable procedures of conventional circulation system are taken by the technological devices like computers, barcode scanners and its software’s helps in performing these operations quickly and thus saving the time of users and staff. IT helps in charging and discharging of document, reservation of documents, sending reminders, and collection of overdue, maintenance of various records.

3.2. The Spatial Impact of Technology on Library Functions

3.3.Monograph:

As discussed above, monographic collections, especially for undergraduate libraries, are likely to continue to grow steadily. While digitization of some materials may result in some physical space savings, there are more formats that the library needs to collect; most of these require additional space for equipment to access them, not to mention more specialized storage facilities to house them.

3.4.Periodicals:

_Serials in electronic format seem to be one of the best prospects for introducing space savings in academic libraries. Journals in electronic format will no doubt continue to increase, although those in scientific, technical, and medical disciplines are doing so at a more rapid rate Another factor also points in this direction, that being the extra-inflationary increases in pricing by many publishers.

3.5.Processing:

In most “behind the scenes” areas of the library, technology is often causing the need for more rather than less space for equipment to handle incompatible systems. While this may be ameliorated in the future, the immediate space needs for areas like cataloging continue to grow

3.6. Reference: While technology is driving the need for more instructional space, it is impacting positively the need for space for reference materials themselves. A growing number of resources are available in electronic form, and often from resources housed outside the library. As in serials, however, collections more heavily reliant upon information in professional and scientific areas are experiencing space savings more dramatically

3.7.Study Space: A number of authors confirm this one’s experience that technology is increasing the requirements for study space in academic libraries. Not only are more students relying on facilities like libraries on college and university campuses for studying, more space per student is required to accommodate the use of technology (e.g., laptops and workstations).

4. Internet

The Internet plays a crucial role in the access of information resources. “Sources of information and other opportunities available via the Internet are increasing exponentially. This comes with the steady increase in Internet use for education” and research. Also, with the growth of information on the Internet and the development of more sophisticated searching tools, there is now the more likely possibility of finding information and answers to real questions. But, within the morass of networked data are both valuable nuggets and an incredible amount of junk .

When you are looking for information, where is a better place to go than a library? The Internet has some incredible electronic libraries ready for you. On a small screen of the personal computer this digital world of the library is available for users. This library in terms of digital format consists of various electronic resources, such as electronic books, electronic journals, and electronic reports. These resources are available either in CD-ROM format or available online on the Web and constitute the core of the electronic library collection. A new class of digitized documents has been added to the electronic resources category, comprising those documents either originally published in print or other formats converted into the digital format. The entire manuscript collection, over-used printed document, printed material of great archival value, photographic collections, oral history recordings, and other scattered but useful audio-visual collections are now being converted into digital format for preservation purposes.

5. Selection of good web site:

The best sites have the following characteristics:

Accuracy: The page lists the author and institution that published the page and provides a way of contacting them. Authority: The page lists the author’s credentials and his/her domain. For example: “edu” for education, “gov” for government, and “org” for organization. Objectivity: The page provides accurate information objectively and with limited advertising. Currency: The page and its links, if any, are current and updated regularly, as stated on the page. Coverage: The information can be viewed without paying fees or using a special browser technology or software.

6. Technologies for library:

    Modern technologies are

6.1. Computer technology

     Computers are used to generate information computers are information processing machines which can do a variety of jobs very quickly. A computer is a machine that handles data are the facts that are gathered and entered in to the computer. Computer can access and process data millions of times faster than humans can the computer stores, retrieves, sends, receives, analysis and synthesize the data to procduce information. Computer can be used for library operations like acquisition, cataloguing, database creation and maintenance, circulation control, serials. Control information storage retrieval, communication and networking and management works.

6.2. Laser technology:

     computer links facilitate speedy random retrieval of information. In the long run, the use of the disc may substitute for the use of actual items like books, which deteriorate quickly due to handling.

6.3. Micrographic technology

     Micrograph means miniaturization of documents. In micrographic documents are highly reduced in size and recorded on microfilm. The micrographic technology has contributed to a considerable saving of space and facility for dissemination of information.

6.4. Reprographic technology

     Reprography means the reproduction of graphic materials, which may be handwritten, typed or printed. This technology is very useful for libraries and it reduce the pain of the user.

5.5. Audio-visual technology

    Audio-visual media used for holding seminars, symposia, meetings and cultural functions in libraries. Slides are useful for effective delivery of messages to selected groups of library users.

6.6. Telecommunication Technology.

   Recreational and educational programmers can be delivered to a longer through this systems.

6.7. Internet & its use in library.

   Physically the internet is a lot of computers connected to each other talking a common language or protocol known as Transmission Control Protocol / internet Protocol (TCPIP)

Basically, the Internet is used for following activities.

6.8. Communication

In the modem world of information explosion, the effective and speedy communication of information is very necessary. The Internet provides electronic message and exchange services through electronic mail popularly known as E-mail. E-mail is used to send messages to other people or programmers on other computers. It is the most extensive and commonly used service on Internet.   Anything created on computers like images, photos, sound, programmers can be sending as well as received with email. E-mail is the fastest, most economical and highly is used modes of communication. Users if INFLIBNET,ERNET, NICNET etc may send and read messages, participate in discussion with special internet groups (SIG) through LISTERVERS (mailing List) and USENET (news groups).

6.9. Document or File Transfer

The internet also provides the facility for document or file transfer with the help of file transfer protocol (FTP). FTP is a set of rules that enables files to be transferred from one computer to another on the net using FTP programmer or through Netscape. Software, games, documents, data etc, can be copied from any site using simple commands.

6.10 Interactive Browsing.

Telnet allows internet users to log into other internet computers to access on-line database, electronic catalogues, internet information services, or to access their account. Telnet provides access to on-line public access catalogues (OPACs) maintained by hundreds of university libraries all over the world.   

6.11. Bulletin Boards

Closely related to electronic mail are bulletin board systems. A bulletin board is a communication system that allows users to call in and either leave or retrieve messages, it is similar to an electronic mail system, but there are no private mail boxes, only a single large mail box. The messages may be directed to all users of the bulletin board or only to particular users. But all massages can be read by all users.

6.12. World Wide Web (WWW).

It is a client-server based distributed hypertext multimedia, an information system on the internet. The WWW is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousand of machines all over the internet. Web is basically a client-server system. From the client-server system. From the client’s (users) point of view, the web consists of a vast worldwide collection of documents, usually just called pages for short. Web pages are written in a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). HTML allows user to produce web pages that include text, graphics and pointers to other web pages.

7. Web-based Library Services.

  . WebOPAC

  . CD ROM to Web-based Indexes and Databases.

  . Electronic Document Delivery Services.

  . CAS&SDI.

  . Improved search interfaces

  . New information services, such as a home page linked to a collection of  electronic text,     databases and other internet resources.

  . Documents may be shared across all major networking platforms.

  . Information is accessible regardless of the user’s location.

  . Fill-in forms used for feedback and services.   

8.Changing role of library.

Mostly all the libraries faced pre-automation and post automation problems. Lack of trained staff, Lack of administrative support and technical problems were the faced in the initial stage of automation. To overcome these problems,

1. computer training should be provided and made mandatory for all the library staff. This mode of training programmed will help the staff to practice and assimilate more. At the same time, it will allow them to look after day-to-day work as well. 2. in-servicetraining.at regular intervals, should be provided to keep the staff abreast with the latest technology. 3. vacant post need to be filled up ad new post should be created as per requirement. 4. library staff, one computer trained staff i.e. BE. or MCA should be appointed as information scientist/computer in-charge, to look after automaton work and trouble shoot day-to-day problems of computerization. Also, at least one computer operator should be provided for data entry purpose. 5. it based LIS education at B.L.I.Sc and M.L.I.Sc level is a must. Two major problems faced by the libraries were serious technical problems related to software and hardware encountered during installation and working requiring outside technical help. And lack of staff leading to hindrance in computer training to staff to overcome there problems. 6. emphasis should be on baying standard library management software like LIBSYS,ALICE, and SOUL etc. as they are found to be more satisfactory. Also these software’s allow data entry in standard forms like CCF MARC etc, hence there will be no incompatibility problems at the time of networking and respire sharing. 7. user education should be provided to make the user aware of the library collection as well as the services. User should also be giving training so that he can handle the compute red system independently.

Many demands on the IT staff: for managing the library systems but also for new developments. Often libraries now use open source software (for instance for repositories), which nevertheless calls for devoted IT staff.

While the library is constantly changing, a different kind of managers is needed: they should be able to create and implement change. Financial expertise also becomes more important. Not only because of the different licensing agreements, but also as a consequence of decreasing budgets.
Management information and benchmarking are becoming important issues.

Summarizing one might say that while the library may need less staff in the back office, there is a general need for staff with higher qualifications: user driven, IT-knowledge, knowledge of the university, knowledge of where the library is going. Also stronger managing capacities for managers and department heads are needed. And all this knowledge should be kept up to date.
Last but not least, library staff should be more flexible than in the past. Libraries used to be a stable working environment. Now the only thing one can be sure of, is that the library will keep on changing in the next decades.

Status of rural library automation

For the survey 14college selected to the survey purpose in the khandesh region the result came out is as given in the table.

sr

Automation

Computer knowledge person

Budget

Internet frequency

Sufficient staff

1

X

x

x

x

X

2

X

x

x

x

x

3

X

x

x

x

x

3

Ö

x

x

x

x

4

X

x

Ö

x

Ö

5

X

x

x

x

x

6

X

Ö

x

x

x

7

X

x

x

x

x

8

X

x

x

x

x

9

Ö

x

x

x

x

10

X

x

x

x

x

11

X

x

x

x

x

12

X

x

x

x

x

13

X

x

x

x

x

14

X

x

x

x

x

Only two college started automation work. Only one college having computer knowledge person. Only one college found sufficient budget for the automation. For the internet

connection no college getting 100% speed., and regular frequency. Only one college have sufficient staff in the library it is found that there is a budget problems except only one college

Conclusion :

Theuse of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges. In general, use of new technologies is not fully adopted in the rural college due to the UN sufficient budget, expert of technology and in the rural area is not getting the broadband speed. Now duty of government and local association to give the knowledge through arrange the workshop, seminars and give the knowledge of new technology.

          Selected resources.

Describing Archives: A Content Standard, Society of American Archivists, 2004. Libraries in ditital Environment Problems and Prospects
Digital Library Production Guide, Kentuckiana Digital Library Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://purl.org/DC/
Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Maxine K. Sits, Ed., Northeast Document Conservation Centre, 2000. http://www.nedcc.org/digital/dighome.htm
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives by Anne. R. Kenney and Oya Y. Rieger, Research Libraries Group, 2000.
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial, Cornell University Library Breeding,m (2002), april). The Emergence of the Open Archives Initiative: This Protocol could become a key part of the digital library infrastrictire. Information Today from . Com/cf_0/m3336/4_19/85251474/p1/article.jhtml

Ever since the telephone was invented, it has become an extremely important part of our lives almost immediately. Every decade sees a new technology evolving in the world of telecommunications and with cell phone companies trying to out do each other, the consumers have been pampered with lots and lots of choices for their telephonic requirements. Not to mention the growth of internet telephony, voip services etc have all contributed to making telecommunications a basic and integral part of our lives.

The growth of technology in phones has also enabled many other value added services to come up over the years and a reverse phone lookup service is one of them. Considered by many as one of the most important services related to phones, it has seen a tremendous growth since a couple of years now with almost everyone subscribing to this service.

So what makes reverse phone lookup services so important and a must have? Well to begin with, the number of calls we receive every day has been going up all the time. It is not possible to keep up with all phone calls we receive as many a times we are too busy to answer a call. It could be simply that we are in a movie theatre and have kept our mobile phones on silent mode or are working on an important project and can not afford to lose any time by answering unimportant phone calls. Due to such reasons, we let phone calls go unanswered but later in the day when we check the numbers from where we received phone calls, there are many numbers which we can’t recognize. Here reverse phone lookup services help immensely as you can quickly enter a number in an online reverse phone lookup directory and get immediate details on who owns the number and from where you received the calls.

This feature is especially useful when you are expecting calls from important people but when you check your missed calls list, you find that there are multiple numbers and don’t know which number to call back. By using a reverse phone lookup service, you can find out which number belongs to the person you were expecting the call from and call them back right away.

By using the same technique, you can also avoid unsolicited phone calls or telemarketers who would otherwise make you lose a lot of time every day. By checking to whom the phone numbers belong to, you can only interact with those who you want to and completely keep away from those who either you do not know or do not want to interact with. Many business houses have actually made it compulsory for their staff to check via reverse phone lookup services to whom the numbers belong to before calling a number back in order to increase business efficiency and reduce time wasted due to unwanted phone calls.

The growth in technology in general has contributed a lot in making our lives easier and the entry of reverse phone lookup services is one such important example which we all can use to better organize ourselves and get the information we are looking for at our fingertips.