1.Introduction:

  

Problems are experienced when introducing computerised systems by libraries in countries remote from the major centres of development and expertise in the field of library computerisation. Main problems identified are those of lack of expertise of librarians and of hardware and software suppliers, a limited market for such systems in these ‘remote’ countries and hence a limited range of appropriate hardware and particularly software available or marketed, a reliance on the products and support of major computer suppliers, and access to relatively limited resources leaving little scope for the adaptation of existing library software to suit local needs or for the development of new systems. Solutions to these problems lie in cooperation and coordination of library computerisation so that maximum benefit can be derived from available resources and expertise, a conscious effort being made to become as self-reliant as available resources will allow, the use of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges.

2.New technology

2.1.Managing electronic content:

Pressure continues to develop for developing academic library products that assist libraries in managing and providing access to electronic content-both in the form of electronic content accessed through subscriptions and that created locally. As libraries expend funds for electronic content at levels approaching or exceeding that for print, many find themselves in urgent need of appropriate automation tools.

Technology is causing important changes in how libraries in general, and undergraduate academic libraries in particular, function. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. Yet very little has been written regarding designing libraries to take into account the impact of changing technologies

 2.2. Technology a mission

Most would agree that the primary function of a library would continue to be to provide organized, inexpensive access to information, no matter what its form. But technological innovation is likely to add a new need to “create on the network a knowledge-management system that enables scholars to navigate through [the] resources in a standard, intuitive, and consistent way.” This will require new expertise and equipment to accomplish.

Thus, if anything, technology is adding to the demands for libraries to accommodate more print and non-print materials than before. In addition, it is adding the need forever more sophisticated telecommunication and computer systems to manage access to on site and external resources. Also, the library staff to help users cope with the new and varied systems must perform increased training and instruction. With regard to the need for physical space to fulfill the library’s revised mission, it becomes unlikely that less will be needed than currently, and most probably more, as described below.

            2.3. E-learning Impact on LIC Services

In the every walk of our day-to-day life we are finding the use of technologies and libraries are not exception for that. The single force that has brought revolutionary changes in functioning of libraries is IT. The introduction and application of these modern means have evaluated and modern day library to a very high pedestal, improving and altering its image, functions and services to revolutionary extant and with great efficiency and effectiveness.

Most of the operations with library are inter-related, inter dependent and mutually supportive for the overall mission of library. Use of IT applications to interface and integrate each function with the other saves lot of staff time as the same data used not to be entered at every stage.

E-learning has brought many changes in Library Activities and Services. There are four broader areas of which E-learning has brought many changes;

 

3. Library Automation

Information Storage and Retrieval (IRS)

 

Office Automation

 

Resources sharing network.

Automation has helped libraries improving library operations and accelerating their working. Now the computers are being used in the areas like of acquisition, technical processing, circulation control and serial control.

The computer acquisition system has eased the burden for reorder checking of duplicate purchase orders and follow-up action can also taken automatically. IT has speed up the accession, processing work by elimination a large amount of repetitive and time – time consuming work Machine-readable cataloguing is easy to manipulate as it can be searched on-line and from which varies of outputs are available. On-line bibliographic databases have significant effect on collection development.

The lengthy and time consumable procedures of conventional circulation system are taken by the technological devices like computers, barcode scanners and its software’s helps in performing these operations quickly and thus saving the time of users and staff. IT helps in charging and discharging of document, reservation of documents, sending reminders, and collection of overdue, maintenance of various records.

3.2. The Spatial Impact of Technology on Library Functions

3.3.Monograph:

As discussed above, monographic collections, especially for undergraduate libraries, are likely to continue to grow steadily. While digitization of some materials may result in some physical space savings, there are more formats that the library needs to collect; most of these require additional space for equipment to access them, not to mention more specialized storage facilities to house them.

3.4.Periodicals:

_Serials in electronic format seem to be one of the best prospects for introducing space savings in academic libraries. Journals in electronic format will no doubt continue to increase, although those in scientific, technical, and medical disciplines are doing so at a more rapid rate Another factor also points in this direction, that being the extra-inflationary increases in pricing by many publishers.

3.5.Processing:

In most “behind the scenes” areas of the library, technology is often causing the need for more rather than less space for equipment to handle incompatible systems. While this may be ameliorated in the future, the immediate space needs for areas like cataloging continue to grow

3.6. Reference: While technology is driving the need for more instructional space, it is impacting positively the need for space for reference materials themselves. A growing number of resources are available in electronic form, and often from resources housed outside the library. As in serials, however, collections more heavily reliant upon information in professional and scientific areas are experiencing space savings more dramatically

3.7.Study Space: A number of authors confirm this one’s experience that technology is increasing the requirements for study space in academic libraries. Not only are more students relying on facilities like libraries on college and university campuses for studying, more space per student is required to accommodate the use of technology (e.g., laptops and workstations).

4. Internet

The Internet plays a crucial role in the access of information resources. “Sources of information and other opportunities available via the Internet are increasing exponentially. This comes with the steady increase in Internet use for education” and research. Also, with the growth of information on the Internet and the development of more sophisticated searching tools, there is now the more likely possibility of finding information and answers to real questions. But, within the morass of networked data are both valuable nuggets and an incredible amount of junk .

When you are looking for information, where is a better place to go than a library? The Internet has some incredible electronic libraries ready for you. On a small screen of the personal computer this digital world of the library is available for users. This library in terms of digital format consists of various electronic resources, such as electronic books, electronic journals, and electronic reports. These resources are available either in CD-ROM format or available online on the Web and constitute the core of the electronic library collection. A new class of digitized documents has been added to the electronic resources category, comprising those documents either originally published in print or other formats converted into the digital format. The entire manuscript collection, over-used printed document, printed material of great archival value, photographic collections, oral history recordings, and other scattered but useful audio-visual collections are now being converted into digital format for preservation purposes.

5. Selection of good web site:

The best sites have the following characteristics:

Accuracy: The page lists the author and institution that published the page and provides a way of contacting them. Authority: The page lists the author’s credentials and his/her domain. For example: “edu” for education, “gov” for government, and “org” for organization. Objectivity: The page provides accurate information objectively and with limited advertising. Currency: The page and its links, if any, are current and updated regularly, as stated on the page. Coverage: The information can be viewed without paying fees or using a special browser technology or software.

6. Technologies for library:

  

    Modern technologies are

  

6.1. Computer technology

   

     Computers are used to generate information computers are information processing machines which can do a variety of jobs very quickly. A computer is a machine that handles data are the facts that are gathered and entered in to the computer. Computer can access and process data millions of times faster than humans can the computer stores, retrieves, sends, receives, analysis and synthesize the data to procduce information. Computer can be used for library operations like acquisition, cataloguing, database creation and maintenance, circulation control, serials. Control information storage retrieval, communication and networking and management works.

 

6.2. Laser technology:

  

     computer links facilitate speedy random retrieval of information. In the long run, the use of the disc may substitute for the use of actual items like books, which deteriorate quickly due to handling.

 

6.3. Micrographic technology

 

     Micrograph means miniaturization of documents. In micrographic documents are highly reduced in size and recorded on microfilm. The micrographic technology has contributed to a considerable saving of space and facility for dissemination of information.

 

6.4. Reprographic technology

 

     Reprography means the reproduction of graphic materials, which may be handwritten, typed or printed. This technology is very useful for libraries and it reduce the pain of the user.

 

5.5. Audio-visual technology

 

    Audio-visual media used for holding seminars, symposia, meetings and cultural functions in libraries. Slides are useful for effective delivery of messages to selected groups of library users.

   

6.6. Telecommunication Technology.

 

   Recreational and educational programmers can be delivered to a longer through this systems.

 

6.7. Internet & its use in library.

  

   Physically the internet is a lot of computers connected to each other talking a common language or protocol known as Transmission Control Protocol / internet Protocol (TCPIP)

Basically, the Internet is used for following activities.

 

6.8. Communication

  

In the modem world of information explosion, the effective and speedy communication of information is very necessary. The Internet provides electronic message and exchange services through electronic mail popularly known as E-mail. E-mail is used to send messages to other people or programmers on other computers. It is the most extensive and commonly used service on Internet.   Anything created on computers like images, photos, sound, programmers can be sending as well as received with email. E-mail is the fastest, most economical and highly is used modes of communication. Users if INFLIBNET,ERNET, NICNET etc may send and read messages, participate in discussion with special internet groups (SIG) through LISTERVERS (mailing List) and USENET (news groups).

 

  

6.9. Document or File Transfer

  

The internet also provides the facility for document or file transfer with the help of file transfer protocol (FTP). FTP is a set of rules that enables files to be transferred from one computer to another on the net using FTP programmer or through Netscape. Software, games, documents, data etc, can be copied from any site using simple commands.

 

6.10 Interactive Browsing.

Telnet allows internet users to log into other internet computers to access on-line database, electronic catalogues, internet information services, or to access their account. Telnet provides access to on-line public access catalogues (OPACs) maintained by hundreds of university libraries all over the world.   

  

6.11. Bulletin Boards

Closely related to electronic mail are bulletin board systems. A bulletin board is a communication system that allows users to call in and either leave or retrieve messages, it is similar to an electronic mail system, but there are no private mail boxes, only a single large mail box. The messages may be directed to all users of the bulletin board or only to particular users. But all massages can be read by all users.

 

6.12. World Wide Web (WWW).

It is a client-server based distributed hypertext multimedia, an information system on the internet. The WWW is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousand of machines all over the internet. Web is basically a client-server system. From the client-server system. From the client’s (users) point of view, the web consists of a vast worldwide collection of documents, usually just called pages for short. Web pages are written in a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). HTML allows user to produce web pages that include text, graphics and pointers to other web pages.

  

7. Web-based Library Services.

  

  . WebOPAC

  . CD ROM to Web-based Indexes and Databases.

  . Electronic Document Delivery Services.

  . CAS&SDI.

  . Improved search interfaces

  . New information services, such as a home page linked to a collection of  electronic text,     databases and other internet resources.

  . Documents may be shared across all major networking platforms.

  . Information is accessible regardless of the user’s location.

  . Fill-in forms used for feedback and services.   

 

8.Changing role of library.

Mostly all the libraries faced pre-automation and post automation problems. Lack of trained staff, Lack of administrative support and technical problems were the faced in the initial stage of automation. To overcome these problems,

1. computer training should be provided and made mandatory for all the library staff. This mode of training programmed will help the staff to practice and assimilate more. At the same time, it will allow them to look after day-to-day work as well. 2. in-servicetraining.at regular intervals, should be provided to keep the staff abreast with the latest technology. 3. vacant post need to be filled up ad new post should be created as per requirement. 4. library staff, one computer trained staff i.e. BE. or MCA should be appointed as information scientist/computer in-charge, to look after automaton work and trouble shoot day-to-day problems of computerization. Also, at least one computer operator should be provided for data entry purpose. 5. it based LIS education at B.L.I.Sc and M.L.I.Sc level is a must. Two major problems faced by the libraries were serious technical problems related to software and hardware encountered during installation and working requiring outside technical help. And lack of staff leading to hindrance in computer training to staff to overcome there problems. 6. emphasis should be on baying standard library management software like LIBSYS,ALICE, and SOUL etc. as they are found to be more satisfactory. Also these software’s allow data entry in standard forms like CCF MARC etc, hence there will be no incompatibility problems at the time of networking and respire sharing. 7. user education should be provided to make the user aware of the library collection as well as the services. User should also be giving training so that he can handle the compute red system independently.

Many demands on the IT staff: for managing the library systems but also for new developments. Often libraries now use open source software (for instance for repositories), which nevertheless calls for devoted IT staff.

While the library is constantly changing, a different kind of managers is needed: they should be able to create and implement change. Financial expertise also becomes more important. Not only because of the different licensing agreements, but also as a consequence of decreasing budgets.
Management information and benchmarking are becoming important issues.

Summarizing one might say that while the library may need less staff in the back office, there is a general need for staff with higher qualifications: user driven, IT-knowledge, knowledge of the university, knowledge of where the library is going. Also stronger managing capacities for managers and department heads are needed. And all this knowledge should be kept up to date.
Last but not least, library staff should be more flexible than in the past. Libraries used to be a stable working environment. Now the only thing one can be sure of, is that the library will keep on changing in the next decades.

Status of rural library automation

For the survey 14college selected to the survey purpose in the khandesh region the result came out is as given in the table.

sr

Automation

Computer knowledge person

Budget

Internet frequency

Sufficient staff

1

X

x

x

x

X

2

X

x

x

x

x

3

X

x

x

x

x

3

Ö

x

x

x

x

4

X

x

Ö

x

Ö

5

X

x

x

x

x

6

X

Ö

x

x

x

7

X

x

x

x

x

8

X

x

x

x

x

9

Ö

x

x

x

x

10

X

x

x

x

x

11

X

x

x

x

x

12

X

x

x

x

x

13

X

x

x

x

x

14

X

x

x

x

x

Only two college started automation work. Only one college having computer knowledge person. Only one college found sufficient budget for the automation. For the internet

connection no college getting 100% speed., and regular frequency. Only one college have sufficient staff in the library it is found that there is a budget problems except only one college

Conclusion :

Theuse of library systems developed abroad with as little adaptation as possible being made to them, the careful evaluation of those systems available as well as of their suppliers, and possibly in future a greater use of dedicated mini- and microcomputer-based systems as such systems become more readily available. The problems and solutions discussed are illustrated by referring to the experience of library computerisation in khandesh rural colleges. In general, use of new technologies is not fully adopted in the rural college due to the UN sufficient budget, expert of technology and in the rural area is not getting the broadband speed. Now duty of government and local association to give the knowledge through arrange the workshop, seminars and give the knowledge of new technology.

          Selected resources.

Describing Archives: A Content Standard, Society of American Archivists, 2004. Libraries in ditital Environment Problems and Prospects
Digital Library Production Guide, Kentuckiana Digital Library Dublin Core Metadata Initiative http://purl.org/DC/
Handbook for Digital Projects: A Management Tool for Preservation and Access, Maxine K. Sits, Ed., Northeast Document Conservation Centre, 2000. http://www.nedcc.org/digital/dighome.htm
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives by Anne. R. Kenney and Oya Y. Rieger, Research Libraries Group, 2000.
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial, Cornell University Library Breeding,m (2002), april). The Emergence of the Open Archives Initiative: This Protocol could become a key part of the digital library infrastrictire. Information Today from . Com/cf_0/m3336/4_19/85251474/p1/article.jhtml

Bluetooth technology is a type of the wireless technology that eliminates the need for the number of inconvenient cables and devices that are used to connect the computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, handheld devices and new digital appliances. Bluetooth enables the users to connect to a wide variety of telecommunication and computing devices easily, without cables.

It makes rapid ad hoc connections, automatic unconscious connections between two or more digital devices. Bluetooth provides the opportunity of using the mobile data in different applications. Bluetooth makes wireless communication between the two devices in a localized area of a room of office or home very easily. Bluetooth technology uses radio-based links and all the connections between the devices and invisible and instantaneous.

By Bluetooth technology your laptop can send print request to a printer in your next room. Bluetooth is actually a standard for wireless communication between the devices in a relatively small area and it is therefore works fine in the personal area network (pan) using radio frequency.

Any two devices that follow the Bluetooth standard can communicate with each other. A number of the Bluetooth devices like digital camera, mobile phone and handheld pc can form a network. You can send emails to your mobile phones from your laptop without any physical connect between your laptop and your mobile phones.

Features of Bluetooth technology

• Bluetooth technology uses radio waves for communication in 2.4 GHz

• It supports multi point communication not just point to point. 

• Bluetooth works in a small area of 10-15 meters.

• Bluetooth offers speed of 1-2 mbps.

• Bluetooth chipsets are less expensive though more expensive than IrDA.

How Bluetooth technology works

Bluetooth is a high speed wireless link technology that uses the radio waves. It is designed to connect the mobile phones, laptops, hand held devices and portable equipments with almost no work by the end users. Unlike infrared Bluetooth does not require line of sight between the connecting units. Bluetooth technology is a modified form of the current wireless LAN technology and it’s more acceptable for its relative small size and low cost.

The current circuits are contained on a circuit board of 0.9 cm square and a much smaller single chip version is in development and soon it will be in use. The cost of the Bluetooth device is expected to fall rapidly. Bluetooth chip has to be equipped in many devices. In Bluetooth technology, small and inexpensive transceivers have been placed in the digital devices. The radio waves operate at 2.45 GHZ band on the Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth supports the data speed up to 721 Kbps and 3 voice channels. The Bluetooth chip can either be built into the devices or it can be uses as an adapter. In computer it can be used with the USB port. Each Bluetooth device has a 48 bit address from the IEEE 802 standards and the Bluetooth connections can be either point to point or multi point. Bluetooth range is 10 meter but it can be extended up to 100 meters by increasing the power.

Bluetooth devices are protected from the external interference because they change their frequency up to 1600 times in a second. Bluetooth radio technology provides the bridge between the existing data network. Bluetooth guarantees security at the bit level and the authentication is controlled by the end user by using 128 bit key. An important face of the Bluetooth technology is that it instantly forms a network when two or more devices come closer in the range of each other.

Bluetooth technology benefits

Bluetooth technology is a convenient choice of communication in a wire free, short range environment. Bluetooth is a globally available standard for connecting the devices like mobile phones, digital cameras, laptops, mp3 players, cars, stereo headsets etc. Bluetooth enable devices do not need to install any drivers. The key benefits of the Bluetooth wireless technology are its built-in-security, low cost, easy of use, robustness, and ad hoc networking capabilities.

The Bluetooth wireless technology is available globally. Many manufactures from the different companies are busy to implement the technology in their products. Bluetooth technology operates in the 2.4 GHZ, one of the unlicensed, industrial and scientific radio bands. Bluetooth technology is a free of charge service but your mobile phones set should support the GSM and CDMA technology.

Today mobile phones have built in capabilities and Bluetooth functionalities in them. Bluetooth technology is available in the different range of the devices like mobile phones, automobiles, medical devices, industries and enterprises etc. Due to the key features of the Bluetooth technology like low power consumption, low cost and wireless features make it more popular. Bluetooth technology does not require any fixed infrastructure and it is very simple to install and setup.

No wires are required to connect the Bluetooth devices. You can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices anytime if they come in your range. Bluetooth wireless technology is widely supported and is secure wireless standard today. Bluetooth devices has built-in security features such as 128 bit encryption and pin code authentication when Bluetooth devices identify themselves they use the pin code when they first time connect.http://infortech-news.blogspot.com/

Cost analysis is a must for all operations of a business. Expenses incurred due to telecommunication service charges require a considerable budget allocation and hence have to be analyzed with care to minimize cost.

The first step in the analysis will be to consolidate all the voice and data services used, and then to analyze the monthly telephone bills. The charges for the local lines, T1s, networks, and Internet should be considered separately. Their usage should be justified and it should be checked to see if plans are used to their maximum limit. The usage pattern of local and long-distance calls also should be studied. The suitability of switched and dedicated lines should also be assessed. A wide range of data services like WAN, MPLS, IP Sec VPN, Private Lines, VoIP, Web Hosting, etc. are available. The choice of data service used should also be validated. Internet plays an inevitable role in business and as per the needs of the business DSL, T1, T3, high speed Internet, fractional or burstable T1 can be selected. Audio, video and web conferencing should also be borne in mind while choosing services. The phone systems, LAN/WAN set up, cabling equipment used should also be evaluated and the apt type of equipment should be chosen as per the requirement. As per the traffic volume the quantity of trunks should be determined and distributed among the trunk groups. Once the analyses on all these fronts are complete, we will be able to assess what exactly are our requirements. Once the requirements are fixed, the second step will be to identify services which are not a perfect choice, eliminate them, and replace them with suitable ones, and the third step will be to identify the services in which the expenses are not justified. These data now have to be carefully analyzed and investigated to reduce cost.

The next step will be to look out for service providers with competitive prices. The service cost and rates of local exchange companies and long-distance carriers should be analyzed. The most suitable plans and services should be chosen in such a way that they are fully utilized and no compromise on services is made.

The usage and cost incurred should be strictly monitored. In short, review and analyze the existing system and ensure optimization of resources and minimization of costs. Relocations, upgrades, network planning, security assessment, and project management will help reduce cost.

It would be best to negotiate contracts based on the volume of calls. Best deals would be offered when the volume is more. Minimum monthly usage commitments should be avoided as they may prove to be expensive. Customer service should be provided 24X7. Least second billing (say 6 seconds or less) would be advisable. Consolidated billing on a two-week bill resolution basis would help establish strict control over the overheads. Several bill analysis tools are readily available. A suitable tool can be used to analyze the bill.

The efforts taken to cut costs in voice and data services directly reflect on the profitability of a business. Cost analysis of data and voice services is a must for every business.

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